Abstract: The main focus of this article is on the evaluation of the developments and changes that have been going on in the region of Southeast Europe, as well as on their impact on the security of individual states, the region as a whole, but also on the European security. The article attempts at making a general overview on the historical, geopolitical, and other characteristics of the Balkans in order to make an assessment of the current developments and tendencies. Furthuremore, it also points out the possible future security challenges in the forthcoming millennium. The author categorizes the security concerns and identifies the security agents who should contribute to successful handling with the potential and/or acute security problems and conflicts in the region. The focal point of the article are the so-called 'lessons learnt' in the past decade since Yugoslavia's breakdown with a sole aim to suggest better conflict management efforts from all parties concerned and involved.

Key words: security, Southeast Europe, conflict, international community

The Balkans And The Crises
Trajan Gocevski
Faculty of Philosophy – Skopje

Abstract: Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, crises have not lost their primacy, but unfortunetely they have become a continuous companion of the man and our desteny.
There are numerous factors which determine the crisis and contribute for the appearance of the crisis. All these factors are presented at the beginning of this study which gives a retrospect of the events beginning from the World War II, the end of the Cold War, as well as the current phenomena. The end of the Cold War brought to new distribution of the political, economic and military power, which resulted in global changes in the international relations.
As a result of the desintegrating processes and profound social changes in South-Eastern Europe in the last decade of the previous century, the implementation of violence became a dominant factor in resolution of disputes.
The study also presents researches regarding the duration of the international crisis, as well as the confirmation of its protracted character. At the end the framework for crisis management is offered as well as the strategy for their settlement.
Experiences in the region show that crises obtain protracted and long-lasting characteristics, and from the lessons learned so far it is necessary to find the direction for their outgoing or elimination.

Key words: crises, Balkans, strategy, crisis management, conflict

From Concept And Doctrine, Through Strategy, To Operatics And Tactics
Stojan Kuzev
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: In the framework of its theoretical and practical existence, every scientific area and field of work uses an ordinary and most frequent sequence of words, which are necessary to be conceptually determined, because of their equal theoretical comprehension and practical operationalization . When regarding defence as a field of work, the usual and most frequent sequence of notions is as follows: concept/conception, doctrine, strategy, operation, tactics etc. There are cases when using these notions the comprehension is different for same notion, as a result of which one can encounter certain theoretical inconcistencies, following to practical problems. The question becomes more complicated when these notions acquire the atributes such as: national, state, defencive, common, war, military etc. Thus, the question of relations among these notions is a subject of this study, which could contribute for simpler theoretical approach, which is very important when regarding the field of defence. However, the study is focused on the notion of strategy.

Key words: concept/conception, doctrine, strategy, operation, tactics

NATO Crisis Management
Marina Mitrevska
Faculty of Philosophy Skopje

Abstract: The study is focused on the stressed actuality of the crises, management and the crisis management of NATO. This also stresses the fact that the peace and security have basically changed their order or priority. That is to say that in respact of the relation peace-crisis-war a certain serious displacements have been made, i.e. the peace and security are equally endangered. Accordingly, the altered nature of crises points out the urgency for creating more subtle approaches in terms of handling them, despite the former which have shown to be less effective. In this terms, NATO as a part of the new strategic concept has developed a new approach towards crisis management. Primarilly, it focuses on new, wider approach towards security and on greater oportunities for accomplishing the long-term goals using political measures. Therefore, stressing the radically different nature of the risks in Europe, the strategic concept displaces the focus of the strategy of the Alliance from defence and threat to crisis management based on three common elements: dialogue, co-operation with other countries and maintenance of the collective defencive capacities.

Key words: crisis, management, crisis management, NATO

Civilian Control Over Military Education
Temelko Risteski
Military Academy “General Mihailo Apostolski” – Skopje

Abstract: Re-establishing the civil control over the Army is imperative for the democratization of the society. But, the civil control over the army can not be completely reestablished if the military officer’s education is under the control of the general staff’s or in other military organization structures. Through the education the military officers acquire many knowledge which according to its nature and structure are with wider interest for the defence. The education has the main rule in the creation the structure of the military officers personality in accordance with the demands of the military leadership and commanding with the military organization structures of the democratic society. There for it is necessary for the incorporate military education in the civil society and put them under the completely civil control. The future organization solutions for the military officers education in Republic of Macedonia shold be looked for in accordance with the priciples of the civil control over the army.

Key words: civil control, principles, education, military education, military academy, academy – faculty of defence, general staff

Makedonija Pomegu Globalizacijata i Fragmentacijata
Biljana Vankovska
Faculty of Philosophy – Skopje

Abstract: Globalisation, fragmentation and regionalisation are terms that constitute the three poles of the analysis presented in this article. It creates a framework for analysis of the nature, content and the significance of these processes from a point of view of a small Balkan state. The author does not operate with the stereotypes that present globalisation as a benign and fragmentation as a malign process. This approach seems applicable exactly on the Balkan state of affairs that offers persuasive evidences that globalisation and fragmentation have always been an age-old reality but have been perceived in a specific way. Therefore the author presents an inner view to both processes in their unity. The focal point is on the impact of these mutually related processes on security of Macedonia and the Balkan region.

Key words: globalization, fragmentation, security, conflict, peace

Globalizacijata - Supranacionalen Strategiski Kontekst Na Pragot Na 21 Vek - politicka dimenzija -
Radko Nacevski
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence institute – Skopje

Abstract: Political dimension, in addition to economic and military, is the main segment of supranational strategic context of West civilization. The strategic intention of this dimension is: this model of western liberal political sistem to be accepted as its own by the states on the planetary space. Its function is to by verified as generally accepted civilizing value.

Key words: political, strategic, dimension, institutions, globalization

Bezbednost Vo Jugoistocna Evropa
Zoran Nacev
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence Institute, Skopje

Abstract: Within the frames of the product of the author some security aspects of the SouthEastern Europe countries are being given. The emphasis of the research is towards the very known traumas from the transition period, the memories and the lessons learned from the past, mistrust, disciplinarian of the joint units which on the other hand means potential threat for the civilized that is for the more civilized etc. The vision for the future in certain countries should differ from eachother, the unification of views that lead into democracy and stability, must prevail in the relations among the states under the intermediation of the Western- European countries.

Key words: security, SouthEastern Europe, stability

The Bucharest Peace Agreement And The Division Of Macedonia In 1913
Vance Stojcev
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: The Bucharest Peace Treaty marked the end of the Balkan Wars and sanctioned the division of Macedonia. In the beginning, the Macedonian people had strong will and motivation to fight for freedom against the five – centuries long Turkish rule. But, when the Bucharest Peace Treaty was signed on 10 August, 1913, our heighboring countries, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece, actually shaved that the Balkan Wars were fought to divide Macedonia. The Serbian-Bulgarian agrecment and the Greek-Bulgarian agrecment contained secret annexes in which the name “Macedonia” was deleted. The Strong propaganda from the neighboring countries and the numerovs fractions that existed in the Macedonian resistance influenced the Macedonian people who were without its own military and political leadership to be mobilized in the Serbian, Bulgarian and the Greek armies, which later led to its ocupation.

Key words: war, occupation, division, assimilation, migration denationalization

Territorial Imperative – Factor That Influences The Stability In South Eastern Europe
Toni Mileski
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence institute – Skopje

Abstract: In this paper, emphasis is put on understanding of traditional tensions which have existed in the South-Eastern Europe Region for a long period of time as well as on the new conflicts created by initiating the process of democratic transition of the Region. This transition into democratic streamlines and processes was also presented by unseen violence, but endemic for this area. Understanding of the historical and contemporary events certainly is conformation of the permanent intention of almost all country in the Region for increase of their teritories for the purpose of creating perfect form of their own states. This paper points out to the main generator of this circumstances. that is, the historical and geographic “exclusivity” in co-relation with the religious, political, economic and military diversity which exists on a small teritory. This is why the engagement of the international community is directed towards stabilizing of the Region and its involvments in the European integrations may not be accomplished without overcoming the problems which disturb the relations among the countries in the Region.

Key words: South-Eastern Europe, State, Teritory, Conflict

Characteristics Of The Effects Of Certain Types Of Projectiles On Human Tissue And Experimental Research Methods
Stojce Deskovski, Rose Smileski and Slavko Angelevski
Military Academy “General Mihailo Apostolski” – Skopje

Abstract: This paper covers the influence of different projectile designs for firing armament over the wounding effect that appears during their influence on the human tissue. Special place is given to the “Dum Dum” projectiles as ammunition that although forbidden for usage according to The Hague Convention, and small caliber ammunition, and legally used creates hard wounding effects. The second part of this paper deals with experimental methods for examination of the projectile influence on human tissue, which are composed of measuring of the released energy in tissue simulators. Also a survey of the characteristics of all significant tissue simulators and some of the methods for wounding potential measurement demonstrates the work of tissue simulators.

Key words: projectile, wounding effect, wounding potential, energy release, projectile stability, temporary cavity, tissue simulators

Fundamentals For Professional – Specialised Training Of Logistics Specialities
Sokle Kocoski
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski", Skopje

Abstract: The study “Initial fundamentals of professional specialized training of logistics specialties” deals with planning-directed activities concerning the problems of professional specialized training of logistic specialties. Special attention is paid to training for effective use of technics and weapons in logistics teaching centers and other units in the Army, acquiring habits for their correct maintaining and clever work with people in the time of realization of the battle service support to the units during the accomplishment of a battle assignment or any other form or type of mission.
The study also deals with tactics and tactics-specialization training of logistics units. This training should contain different variants of cooperation of the logistics units with mechanized, armored-mechanized, artillery and other units in different situations, which could become reality during the execution of combat or other assignments within the frames of a future mission.

Key words: logistics, logistics units, logistics specialties, logistics support, tactics training, drill

Health Protection Of The Armed Forces In War And Peace
Ilija Gligorov
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: Medical support is the basic logistic function, which is dedicated to health protection of people. Good organisation of this function give effectively and economical accomplishment of exercise, satisfying the specific claim in specific situations. Peacetime organisattion of health protection, plans for work in specific conditions, reserve and training are base for whole health protection of citizens and military forces in military conditions.
Reconstructions in ARM and plans for membership in NATO gives emobligation of interoperability of all members. For our conditions most convinient is the model with integrated health: civilian, military and aliances medical services.

Key words: health care, medical services, military missions

Military And Industrial Complexes
Oliver Bakreski
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence Institute – Skopje

Abstract: Today we are witnessing an intensive armament of states which procure or construct new weaponry and military technologies.
Those states which do not posses an appropriate industrial base encounter difficulties that reflect on the overall development of the state, and thus influence the capability of the state in defence and protection.
The research opus of this scientific paper is mostly focused on the industrial base. The paper stresses several important differentiations which exist among the industrial base, defence budget and military-industrial complex. Within the framework of the industrial base, several characteristics are being treated which concern the materially-technical base as a foundation and an element of defence-protective systems and their stability, then anticipations about the industrial base as a tool for introduction of new technologies and basis for industrialisation and so on.
As previously mentioned above, another topic that is going to be treated in this paper is the defence budget. The attention is primarily directed towards the factors which determine the necessary means that are separated for the needs of defence. In the framework of the budget one part concerns questions which deal specifically with the expenditures for defence.
A subject of analysis of this paper is also the military-industrial complex and the elements which characterise it, as well as the changes which are necessary to be made so as to be able to meet the needs of new challenges and above all the needs of defencive systems.
The part referring to the Republic of Macedonia emphasises the need for building its own defence, as well as the need for permanent integration of the new technical, technological and military achievements in the system of defence.
In overcoming the current state some directions are presented which should enliven an established practice which is dominant and gives positive implications in the states with similar characteristics as ours.

Key words: industrial base, defence budget, defence expenditures, military-industrial complex

Voena Logistika, Lekcii Nauceni Od Istorijata I Perspektivi Za Idninata
Zoran Ivanovski
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: There are at least three general lessons in history with great importance for military logisticians. The first case is the best case operationally is often the worst case logistically. The second is promises to eliminate friction and uncertanity have never come to fruition. And the third is technological change must be accompanied by organizational and intellectual change to take full advantage of new capabilities.

Key words: logistics, support, technology, history, vision

Razuznavacko – Bezbednosnata Zaednica Na Ruskata Federacija
Mitko Kotovcevski
Faculty of Philosophy, Defense Institute, Skopje

Abstract: The unique centralised intelligence service in Russia OHRANA was dissolved at the end of the October revolution of 1917. Instead of the dynastic political police the foundations of a new security service loyal to the revolutionary government were established.
In a very short period of time the new political police grew up dramatically and took form of a giant. Working in the shadow of Kremlin, this secret service had control and manipulated with a 'military' consisted of one million official and around seven millions unofficial collaborators and KGB employees.
During Stalin's rule this secret police transformed itself into a 'state within a state' and got out of any societal control. Moreover, it became the biggest exterminator of the Soviet people(s). According to some estimations the monstrous KGB was responsible for elimination of around 25 millions people, which was the 'price' of the 'successful' functioning and keeping together of the gigantic Soviet Union.
Upon the decree of the Russian President Boris Yeltsin, KGB was dismissed on 20 December 1993. Nevertheless, it has continued its life under a new, even more modern form and covered by 13 different names, which is an indication that it survived the first big strike. The new services are on a good way to take their 'place under the sun' within the new reformed political scene in Russia.

Key words: secret police, intelligence-security community, political police

Local Government In The New Civilian State And The Changes In The Defence And Protection System Of The Republic Of Macedonia In Relation To The Local Government
Vanco Kenkov
Faculty of Philosophy, Defense Institute, Skopje

Abstract: The paper focuses on the changes in the constitutional and defence-protective system regarding the local self-management in the Republic of Macedonia which occured after the independence of the Republic. Using a comparative method, the paper gives a short section of the place, role and the tasks of the local self-management in the constitutional and defence-protective system in the period before and after the independence of the Republic of Macedonia. However, with passing of the Constitution, Law on Defence and Law on Local Self-management, arise normativelly-legal grounds for functioning of the local self-management, but in practice some weaknesses are evident in its functioning. At the end the paper presents the reasons for the created weaknesses and gives suggestions for their overcoming.

Key words: local self-management, units of local self-management, defence-protective system

Water – The Source Of Conflicts
Milos Zmejkovski
Faculty of Philosophy Skopje

Abstract: Water is the great gift of the nature on our planet. It is the most important element which provides and maintains the life in our planet. Life can not begin not develop without water. The water is essential and interpleaceable. We could live in weeks without food, but without water we would die in few days. It is also irreplaceable in the agriculture, industry, production of energy and transportation.
Chemical, physiological and collodial processes, such as assiumilation, dissimilation, diffusion, osmoses etc which occur in the organisms, can not be conducted without water. Unfortunately, water is being wasted, polluted and used improperly. Approximately a half of the population in the world, mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries, suffers from diseases which are a result of water insufficiency or water pollution. Acording to the World Health Organization, two billion people on the Earth are threatened by intestinal infection and diseases caused by polluted water and food. This is the main reason for the death of more than five million children a year.
In order to avoid strengthening the water crisis, we must change our attitude. It means we must use the water wisely and not waste it. If we choose not to accept this philosophy, the water will remain the most difficult problem to deal with in the future.

Key words: water, pollution, water crisis, diseases caused by water, conflicts