Abstract: In most democracies (and many other states) the primary military mission is external and usually uncontroversial: defending their country against attempts to change its boundaries or constitutional order by (threat of) force, and dissuading such attempts by being ready for defence. In some democracies (and many other states) their primary mission is internal: defending the constitutional order against changes by force. This mission is more controversial, being easily mixed up (by military, government or both) with something quite different: supporting the government by suppressing ANY opposition. The military may then see themselves as the true guardians of the national order, disregarding the political system and, in extreme cases, get into the paradox of pretending to uphold the constitutional order by overthrowing it. How do they do it? Under what circumstances is there a risk for their doing it? How can it be prevented and by whom? Can coups be undone by means that do more good than harm? Can external interventions and pressures avoid doing more harm than good?

Key words: military, peace, war, conflifct, Cold War, military mission

The Army And The Peace After The Cold War: In Search For New Soldier Missions
Prof. Biljana Vankovska
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence institute – Skopje

Abstract: The main consideration of this paper is the change of nature of the world order, and the difficulties arising from the transformation of war into conflict. The paper attempts to research the effects these changes inflict on the army. The coming of the postmodern era brings new challenges for both the state and the army. Thus it is considered important to define the army's traditional mission. Postmodern conflicts and a change from "enemy risks" to non-military threats include many duties for which conventional armies are ill-prepared. At the end of the Cold War era security agendas presented them with a large number of non-military tasks, such as peace-keeping, peace making, disaster management, and humanitarian interventions. It is to be expected that the greatest challenge will be connected to the switch from training for war to training to prevent war, or more precisely, to prevent conflict. The situation is even more complex from the post-communist countries' perspective. Since the primary mission of former communist armed forces was aimed at performing internal social control functions (i.e. defending the regime from its internal enemies), all these armies face great challenges of acquiring new roles and new tasks.

Key words: military, peace, war, conflict, Cold war, military mission

The National Security System Of The Republic Of Macedonia
Prof. Mitko Kotovcevski
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence institute – Skopje

Abstract: From a modern point of view security can be defined as a plight characterised by balanced physical, spiritual and material exstence of the individual and society in relation with other individuals, social communities and nature.
The very endeavour focused on establishing such a plight is a civilisational and cultural category, which includes all aspects of security in modern terms – economic, social, cultural, political, military, etc.
Macedonia's environment, which is tightly related to its position in the centre of the Balkan geo-political crossroad, can be seen as a factor that heavily affects its security conditions and security prospects. Its vulnerability is additionally complicated by the newly created Balkan chaos. The indirect contact with Kosovo conflict, the situation in Albania and FR Yugoslavia, but also its internal security problems, are crucial destabilasing factors of Masedonia¢s national security.
Overall security conditions impose an urgent need for a modern, effcient and respectable national security system, based on the essential principles for developed parlamentarian democracies.
The focus and the aim of this book consist of elaboration of the current structure and the projection of the possible model of the new modern system of national security for the Republic of Macedonia.

Key words: national security, national defence, system

Democratization Of The Civilian And Military Relationships In The Postcommunist Balkan States
Trajan Gocevski
Faculty of Philosophy Skopje

Abstract: After the constitution of the Republic of Macedonia as an independent and sovereign country, there was an obvious need for a construction of its own defensive system. Its policy of defence, the Republic of Macedonia based upon several substantial regulations. One of the essential was the implementation in the collective security systems as well as integration in NATO. Bearing that in mind our country started to make all the necessary preparations for our faster integration in these structures. In order to realise these objectives, there is an obvious need for reorganization and reconstruction of the actual establishment of the Ministry of Defence which will enable a compatibility with appropriate ministries of the Member States of NATO. The study elaborates the basic determinants which are the crucial bearers for the accomplishment of the defensive function of the country such as: Assembly, President, Security Council, Government, Ministry of Defence and so on. Furthermore, it gives the basic assumptions which would provide an effective execution of the main functions of the Ministry of Defence, which are the key segments in the possible directions for further development.

Key words: Assembly, President, Government, Ministry of Defence, modeling, reorganization, reconstruction

Basis Of The Paradigm For The Internal Organisation Of The State As A Cause Of War
Prof. Zoran Nacev, PhD
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence Institute, Skopje

Abstract: The work discusses the basic theoretical views, which focus on the organization of the state as a basic reason for war. Many theorists believe that the kind and type of the internal state organization is what leads to state of peace or war. Special stress is given to the general ( neo) liberal views on this issue in order to examine them critically through the prism of the constituted state system in R. Macedonia. The idea for consensus democracy and the Belgian model for democracy are also discussed as part of this study.

Key words: Defense, security, state, paradigm, war

Multipolarisation
Radko Nacevski
Faculty of Philosophy Skopje

Abstract: After fragmentation of real-socialism, two alternatives appeared as an answer of strategic dilemma in the new Russian state: to accept the new global strategic provocation - globalization and to become a participant in it, or to establish its own national strategic context, which will provide a place for the Russian state to become a new vorld power center. Russian strategists were decided for the second alternative, multipolarization or "strategic partnership", which is an antithesis of globalisation (establising international relations with many world power polarities).

Key words: globalization, multipolarization, "strategic partnership", context

NATO Missions In The Republic Of Macedonia And The Kosovo Crisis
Stojan Kuzev
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: Republic of Macedonia has pointed out its nomination for NATO membership clearly and unambiguously almost immediately after its gaining independence. Nevertheless, the membership didn’t take place directly and by a wanted dynamics. “Partnership for Peace” was promoted, which is popularly called “NATO’s hall". Republic of Macedonia became its member in 1995. During that period, security events in Southeastern Europe and especially on the Balkan Peninsula got an unfavourable direction. The Yougoslav crisis in the autonomy Kosovo, was getting more intensive too. The International community and especially NATO, were more actively involved into the resolvement of this crisis. The stay of NATO forces on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia as an immediate neighbour of SR Yougoslavia, which on its side wasn’t a member of this military-political alliance, raised many questions about the legal foundation of these forces stay on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia. Exactly this question is a subject of analyses in this article.
The threat of armed intervention upon SRYougoslavia on the behalf of the Alliance, as a preventive mission for criseis resolvment, didn’t acquire the intended results. So, the military campaign took place, and at the same time the refugees crisis occured too. Macedonia was the first place to accept and take care of the refugees.
With a maximum of 379.932 refugees, the demographic, national and social structure of population in the Republic of Macedonia was changed. Owing to its geographic position, and not by its own wish, Republic of Macedonia became an important factor during all stages of the crisis, despite of its peaceful foreign policy, and initiated process of democratisation of the internal relations. In order to be able to play the role of an active factor, Republic of Macedonia approached new forms of organization, within the frames of its governing and non governing structure. Much positive and negative experience has been drawn from this refugee crisis, both for the people of this country and for the others. The analyses of the attitudes and relations in this crisis is the second goal of this article.

Key words: Agreement, forces, stay, crisis, refugees, organization, functioning, rights, obligations

Civil Defence In Organisation Of The United Nations
Marina Mitrevska
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence Institute, Skopje

Abstract: In the contemporary international relations, civil defence became a category which is a topic of discussion in the political and scholarly circles. Endeavours are directed towards its manifold analysis and illumination, in order to find grounds which will be the base for a new civil defence system within the international community. Thus, all the relevant institutions of the UN are realised in detail with a sole objective to find those focus moments of their activities that will initiate the international cooperation in the sphere of civil defence. Namely, a space is opened for searching a modus of conversation on the emphasised touching points of international communication in a frame-processing modes of communication in the area of civil defence.

Key words: collective security, civil defence, security, collective defence

Spatial Planning Aspects Of The Defence System Of The Republic Of Macedonia
Boris Nikodinovski, associate professor
Military Academy of the R. of Macedonia "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: The treatment of the defensive function of the society in the spatial-planning processes is the onlypossible scientificlly based approach for satisfying the large number of confronted but also complementary spatial requirements of the development and defensive needs.
The spartial planning scientifically corresponds to all types of divisions in regions respecting the discovered specific sharacteristics of the defined regions, so according to that the defensive dividing in regions appears as an unavoidable necessity in the spatial-planning processes. The defining of the defensive regions alows large rlationalities because the spatial organization and arraugement could be done according to the defensive and development sharacteristics of each region as a constituent part of the whole area which is the subject of planning.
Five defensive regions, as spatial wholes with their own defensive characteristics and with a certain degree of relative defense independen ce, havebeen identified in the area of the Republic of Macedonia, such as: Central, North Eastern, South Eastern, Southerum and Western defensive region.

Key words: Spatial planninq, descusive regions, defensive characteristics, population, development

Carthography In Modern Defence
Jove Taleski
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" Skopje

Abstract: Planning in the defence system starts with analyses of an area transferred on a topographic map. The fact that almost all major armies in the world have military mapping departments proves that modern organization, planning and management of defence systems is inseparable from having at disposal quality topographic maps of an area. In other words, modern strategies of a country or a group of countries and modern collective defence systems are impossible to exist without having available maps and geographic information about certain areas and regions or the world in general. Collective security systems pay special attention to adjusting topographic maps according to certain standards in order to use them more effectively. The production and improvement of maps and their use as the basis in the GIS (Geographic Information System) in modern time is one of the most significant tasks within planning in the defence systems. Modern computer technology makes it possible to produce all kinds of maps in classical and digital form which makes conditions for new ways of studying conditions in a region and helps in developing digital cartography. On the basis of the cartography existing in the Republic of Macedonia, the main goal in the future period will be to adjust existing topographic maps to international standards and development of computer-supported cartography when the GIS is established.

Key words: cartography, geography, GIS, defence, map, transformation

Poimno Opredeluvanje Na Politickata Geografija i Nejzinoto Mesto Vo Svetskata Akademska Praktika
Poml. as. Toni Mileski
Faculty of Philosophy, Defence institute – Skopje

Abstract: Having no pretensions for wider elaboration of the researched subject in political geography, I would cover the definition of the term in the study and the contemporary importance of political-geographical aspects. The subject of the presentation is the academic practice of political geography in the world as well as conditions and capabilities of its implementation within some higher educational institutions in our state. The aim of this study is animation of science public and further development of this attractive science discipline.

Key words: Political geography, geopolitica, geostrategy

Balisticki Aspekti Na Dejstvoto Na Sovremenite Proektili Za Strelecko Vooruzuvanje Vrz Covekovoto Telo
Stojce Deskovski, Rose Smileski, Slavko Anelevski
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski", Skopje

Abstract: This paper defines the problem, that is the need of studying the action and effect of the small arms bullets on human body. It states the basic terms that are necessary for understanding the isuues concerning Wound Ballistics. The essence refers to the description of the wounding mechanisms; it explains the ways bullets affect human body and the effects of their action; it also gives a specific overview of the impact of the bullet stability on the wounding effect. In addition to this, the paper gives the characteristics of the effects of certain types of bullets on human body.

Key words: Projectile, wounding effect, wounding potential, energy release, projectile stability, angle of incidence, temporary cavity, stress waves

Technical Provision – Main Logistics Function
Pance Levkov
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: The tenets of Army doctrine – agility, initiative, depth, versatility, and synchronization – are basic to successful operations. They also establish the frame-work for organizing TOb. An effective and efficient TOb system allows the Army to operate in accordance with these tenets. Such a system has several fundemental characteristics. These characteristics are anticipation, inegration, continuity, responsiveness, and improvisation.

Key words: tehnical support, logistics,supply, maintenance

Historical Development Of The Basic Logistics Function – Quartermaster Provision
Sokle Kocoski
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: The study “Historical development based on the main logistical functions QUARTERMASTER SUPPORT”deals with the problem from a historical point of view: defines logistic quartermaster management, considers tasks and relations with other basic logistical functions, as well as supplies and services. The above makes logistic quartermaster provision scientific branch.

Key words: quartermaster support, nutrition, logistics, management, clothing, supply

Personnel For The Logistics Functions In The Army – Educating And Training Officers
Ilija Gligorov
Military Academy "General Mihailo Apostolski" – Skopje

Abstract: The personnel functions might be devided into planning functions, education and development of thepersonnel and management of the personnel. The education function primarely is located in the educational institucions. In the Military academy “General Mihailo Apostolski” in Skopje, besides the other educational processes, there is basic training and advanced training for the officers from the logistic services in ARM. Basic training and advanced training last two academic terms. With the curriculum the contens are grouped in three moduls: basic military training, common military subjects and proffessional and specialized military subjects. In the teaching process there are included already applied forms in the curriculum (military camping) and traineeship in real work conditions.
Medical Doctors, thecandidates for officers in the health service in ARM, after the received procedure, spend two moduls of the training together with the other candidates, while for them in the third modul the contens are grouped in: organization and tactics of the health service, supply of medical products, military preventive, surgical and internist branches of medicin, and military neurology and psychiatry. After the obtaining the rank, health officer is assigned according to the needs of ARM on managerial and professional formation position on which he will execute management and professional tasks.

Key words: education, logistiic, health officers

Finances In The Defence
Oliver Bakreski
Faculty of Philosophy, Defense Institute, Skopje

Abstract: The study stresses the development of financing of the defence-security system in the Republic of Macedonia, as well as the manner it is implemented in the other countries in the world. Numerous analyses emphasise that financing of defence is not accidentally one of the crucial issues. In a short historic retrospect, the study offers certain data of how financing is regulated in our country and in addition, it displays several plan-budgeting methods which are topical in most of the countries in the world. Furthermore, starting from the beginnings it explains the determinants which define performance budgeting. Conceptual frame of this budgeting is operating even today, together with its establishment and several changes which are made. Afterwards, a program budgeting is presented which facilitated the establishment of systems for planning, programming and budgeting, in order to strengthen the previous system, to which the zero-base budgeting is engaged. Despite certain changes which the Republic of Macedonia has made in the financing of defence, the thing that means methodology still works under an “inherited” system. Our decision in terms of current plan-budgeting methods should be their overall implementation in the planning and budgeting system of defence in the Republic of Macedonia.

Key words: financing, budgeting, systems of budgeting, performance budgeting, program budgeting, PPBS and ZBB